Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 2242 Words

In the riveting masterpiece of a novel To Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, the small town of Maycomb is awakened by the events that occur in the juvenile years of the main character who goes by Scout. Formally known as Jean Louise Finch, Scout leads readers through roughly a third of a decade in the sleepy old town in which she inhabits. Through this time frame, there is one event that reveals the true personalities of the townspeople. The event that caused such a powerful awakening in the town is the trial of a man named Tom Robinson. The reason for the improvement of the existence of the trial is due to the fact that Tom Robinson is a black man who is accused of raping a young white girl. The steps taken to resolve the case†¦show more content†¦Early on in the novel, readers take note of Scout’s instinct to place herself in fights for a magnitude of reasons, the main one being the need to defend her family in the only way she subconsciously knows. In the n ovel, Scout fights with her cousin Francis for calling Atticus names. She believes it is her duty to stand up for her father. â€Å"‘I ain’t very sure what it means, but the way Francis said it- tell you one thing right now, Uncle Jack, I’ll be- I swear before God if I’ll sit there and let him say somethin’ about Atticus’†(pg 86). This instinct reminds me of myself, I may not have resorted to fighting with my fists, but I certainly am protective over my family members. A reason for my safeguarding is my sister. When she was younger, she was diagnosed with Celiac Disease, this is a condition in which a person cannot consume gluten, it causes pain and inflammation of the small intestine. At the time of her diagnosing, the disease was rare before and a large number of items were not gluten free, and the ones that were happened to be vulgar in taste. Later on she was diagnosed with Crohn s Disease, this is a condition in which the lining o f a person’s digestive tract can be irritated and creates great discomfort. These diseases did have an impact on my sister, and due to her fragile state of mind and body, I wanted to help her in any way that I could. I would cook for her and make sure when we went out or were at a friend’s house that they did not cross

Americanization in The Joy Luck Club Essay - 1963 Words

Americanization in The Joy Luck Club Oftentimes the children of immigrants to the United States lose the sense of cultural background in which their parents had tried so desperately to instill within them. According to Walter Shear, â€Å"It is an unseen terror that runs through both the distinct social spectrum experienced by the mothers in China and the lack of such social definition in the daughters’ lives.† This â€Å"unseen terror† is portrayed in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club as four Chinese women and their American-born daughters struggle to understand one another’s culture and values. The second-generation women in The Joy Luck Club prove to lose their sense of Chinese values, becoming Americanized. The Joy Luck Club†¦show more content†¦The Chinese culture and way of thinking is expertly described by characters in The Joy Luck Club. One character, Lindo Jong, scorns the stereotypical American woman of the 1950s when she states â€Å"It’s like those ladies y ou see on American t.v. these days, the ones who are so happy they have washed out a stain so the clothes look better than new.† (Tan, 56) The Chinese are very traditional and conservative in their values and ideas. In The Joy Luck Club, Lindo Jong describes Chinese character as â€Å"How to obey parents and listen to your mother’s mind.† (Tan, 254) â€Å"Why easy things are not worth pursuing. How to know your own worth and polish it, never flashing it around like a cheap ring. Why Chinese thinking is best.† (Tan, 254) She truly feels that Americans are not capable of thinking in this manner, or, rather, simply do not think in this manner as Chinese people do. Chinese people and their traditions and values are also portrayed in The Joy Luck Club. Unlike Americans, the Chinese strongly believed in traditional medicinal practices passed down from generation to generation. In The Joy Luck Club, An-Mei Hsu describes one such tradition when she says â₠¬Å"And then my mother cut a piece of meat from her arm.† (Tan, 48) â€Å"My mother took her flesh and put it in the soup. She cooked the magic in the ancient tradition to try to cure her mother this one last time.† (Tan, 48) The Chinese value each person and his orShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan: A Brief Biography757 Words   |  3 PagesAmy Tan is an American Chinese writer most notably known for her critically acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club, amongst many others. Amy Ruth Tan was born on February 19, 1952, in Oakland California to John and Daisy Tan. Both of Amy’s parents were Chinese immigrants who fled from China to escape hardships. Amy’s mother, Daisy, divorced her abusive husband and left behind three daughters before immigrating to the United States and marrying Amy’s father, John. The marriage produced three children,Read MoreAmy Tan Chinese Cultural Identity1615 Words   |  7 Pageshomeland, living essentially insular life and socializing mainly with the members of California s Chinese community, although their ambitions for their children included a certain degree of Americanization. (2) Despite the fact that Amy Tan s parents immigrated to the United States with great ambitions for making their children enjoy better conditions of life than those they experienced in China, they did not assimilate into the American wayRead MoreJoy Luck Club by Amy Tan Essay762 Words   |  4 Pagesheritage and culture are three of the most important aspects of Chinese culture. Passed down from mother to daughter, these traditions are expected to carry on for years to come. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, daughters Waverly, Lena, Rose and June thoughts about their culture are congested by Americanization while on their quests towards self-actualization. Each daughter struggles to find balance between Chinese heritage and American values through marriage and professional careers. June’s storyRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club Summary1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe literary criticism, â€Å"Language as Barrier and Bridge in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club† is written by Mohamed Samir, who is from Faculty of Philosophy department at the University of Vaasa. He enforces the point that despite that the mother’s have strong roots from China, their daughters through being raised in America, on the other hand, are disconnected. Hence, the daughters are yet to discover their racial identity, but through an honest effort made by their mothers they are guided towards uncoveringRead MoreThe Evolution of Self in Asian-American Women in the Us (Joy Luck Club)4993 Words   |  20 Pagesacross generations, and the ensuing conflicts resulting from the mere existence of the mother/daughter relationship, are also depicted in The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan. This tale spans two generations of Chinese-American women in America and the origins, of their confinement within their culture, in China. One of the relationships that prevail in The Joy Luck Club is the relationship of Suyuan Woo and her daughter Jing-Mei â€Å"June† Woo. The story begins with the recent death of Suyuan Woo, who died before

Fiber Optics1 Essay Example For Students

Fiber Optics1 Essay Today many communications companies are replacing their copper carrier wires with fiber optic cables. A fiber optic cable is capable of transmitting laser light across thousands of miles and can carry many more messages at the same time than the copper wire of equivalent diameter. With the relentless pursuit of bandwidth, fiber optic cabling is being deployed at an ever increasing rate. This cable, which uses glass to carry light pulses, poses both advantages and challenges. The intent of this paper is to explain the hows and whys of fiber optic cabling and to provide a set of solutions to the challenges faced with its use and give you an understanding of fiber optic cable technology and its applications. Fiber optic cabling has much to offer, and in most cases, its use will provide benefits which justify the implementation. Since the invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1838, there has been a constant push to provide data at higher and higher rates. Today, the push continue s. Just as RS-232 attached terminals gave way to 10Mbps Ethernet and 4 and 16 Mbps Token Ring, these are giving way to Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), FDDI (100Mbps), ATM (155Mbps), Fiber Channel (1062Mbps) , Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps). With each of these increases in speed, the physical layer of the infrastructure is placed under more stress and more limitations. The cabling installed in many environments today cannot support the demands of Fast Ethernet let alone ATM, Fiber Channel, or Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber Optic cabling provides a viable alternative to copper. Unlike its metallic counterpart, fiber cabling does not have the severe speed and distance limitations that plague network administrators wishing to upgrade their networks. Because it is transmitting light, the limitations are on the devices driving it more than on the cable itself. By installing fiber optic cabling, the high cost of labor and the time associated with the cabling plant can be expected to provide service for the projected future. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) technology is making fiber even more affordable and easier to install. Because the core is plastic instead of glass, terminating the cable is easier. The trade-off for this lower cost and ease of installation is shorter distance capabilities and bandwidth limitations. Fiber optic cabling has the following components (starting in the center and working out): core, cladding, coating, strength member, and jacket. The design and function of each of these will be defined. The core is in the very center of the cable and is the medium of propagation for the signal. The core is made of silica glass or plastic (in the case of POF) with a high refractive index. The actual core is very small (compared to the wire gauges we are used to). Typical core sizes range from 8 microns (millionth of a meter) for single mode silica glass cores up to 1000 microns for multi mode POF. The cladding is a material of lower index of refraction which surrounds the c ore. This difference in index forms a mirror at the boundary of the core and cladding. Because of the lower index, it reflects the light back into the center of the core, forming an optical wave guide. This is the same effect as looking out over a calm lake and noting the reflection, while looking straight down you see through the water. It is this interaction of core and cladding that is at the heart of how optical fiber works. The coating (also referred to as buffer or buffer coating) is a protective layer around the outside of the cladding. It is typically made of a thermoplastic material for tight buffer construction and a gel material for loose buffer construction. As the name implies, in tight buffer construction, the buffer is extruded directly onto the fiber, tightly surrounding it. Loose buffer construction uses a gel filled tube which is larger than the fiber itself. Loose buffer construction offers a high degree of isolation from external mechanical forces such as vibrati on. Tight buffer construction on the other hand provides for a smaller bend radius, smaller overall diameter, and crush resistance. To further protect the fiber from stretching during installation, and to protect it from expansion and contraction due to temperature changes, strength members are added to the cable construction. These members are made from various materials from steel (used in some multi strand cables) to Kevlar. In single and double fiber cables, the strength members are wrapped around the coating. In some multi-strand cables, the strength member is in the center of the bundle. The jacket is the last item in the construction, and provides the final protection from the environment in which the cable is installed. Of concern here is the intended placement of the cable. Different jackets provide different solutions for indoor, outdoor, aerial, and buried installations. We will write a custom essay on Fiber Optics1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most common size of multi mode fiber used in networking is 62.5/125 fiber. This fiber has a core of 62.5 microns and a cladding of 125 microns. This is ideally suited for use with 850nm and 1300nm wavelength drivers and receivers. For single mode networking applications, 8.3/125 is the most common size. Its smaller core is the key to single mode operation. Numerical aperture and acceptance angles are two different ways of expressing the same thing. For the core / cladding boundary to work as a mirror, the light needs to strike at it a small / shallow angle (referred to as the angle of incidence). This angle is specified as the acceptance angle and is the maximum angle at which light can be accepted by the core. Acceptance angle can also be specified as Numerical Aperture, which is the sin of the acceptance angle (Numerical Aperture = sin (acceptance angle)). .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .postImageUrl , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:visited , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:active { border:0!important; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:active , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Integrity EssayWith a basic understanding of fiber construction, explanation of transmitters (the devices that put the pulses of light into the fiber) is in order. From a general level, there are three aspects of transmitters to discuss: Transmitters can be divided into 2 groups, lasers and LEDs. LEDs are by far the most common as they provide low cost and very efficient solutions. Most multi mode transmitters are of the LED variety. When high power is required for extended distances, lasers are used. Lasers provide reliable light and the ability to produce a lot of light energy. The drawbacks to lasers are their cost and electrical power consumption. Equipment using high power lasers must provide cooling and access to a primary power source such as 120V AC. Transmitter types can also be broken down into single mode versus multi mode transmitters. Multi mode transmitters are used with larger cable (typically 62.5/125 microns for most data networking applications) and emit multiple rays or modes of light into the fiber. Each one of these rays enters at a different angle and as such has a slightly different path through the cable. This results in the light reaching the far end at slightly different times. This difference is arrival times are termed modal dispersion and causes signal degradation. Single mode transmitters are used with very small cable (typically 8/125 microns) and emit light in a single ray. Because there is only one mode, all light gets to the far end at the same time, eliminating modal dispersion. The wavelength of the transmitter is the color of the light. The visible light spectrum starts around 750nm and goes to 390nm. The 850nm transmitters common in multi mode Ethernet can be seen because 850nm is the center of their bandwidth and they emit some visible light in the 750nm range giving them their red color. The 1300nm and 1550nm transmitters emit light only in the infrared spectrum. The difference in performance of the various wavelengths is beyond the scope of this paper. What is important is an awareness of the wavelengths and that the equipment on both ends of the fiber needs to be matched. The final characteristic of transmitters is the output power. This is a measure of the optical energy (intensity) launched into the fiber. It is measured in dBm. A typical value for multi mode transmitters used in Ethernet is -15dBm. Single mode transmitters have a wide range in power depending on the application. With a knowledge of transmitters, what happens at the other end of the cable is important. The light pulses are terminated and detected with a receiver. Receivers have three basic considerations. These are: Sensitivity is the counterpart to power for transmitters. It is a measurement of how much light is required to accurately detect and decode the data in light stream. It is expressed in dBm and is a negative number. The smaller the number (remember -40 is smaller than -30) the better the receiver. Typical values range from -30dBm to -40dBm. Receive sensitivity and transmitter power are used to calculate the optical power budget available for the cable. This calculation is: Power Budget = Transmitter Power Receiver Sensitivity, Using the typical values given for multi mode Ethernet above, the power budget would be: 15dBm = -15dBm (-30dBm) The optical power budget must be greater then all of the cable plant losses (such as attenuation, losses due to splices and connectors, etc.) fo r the installation to work properly. Figure A. SC Connector Figure B. ST Connector Many different connector styles have found their way into fiber optic networking. The SC connector (Figure A) has recently been standardized by ANSI TIA/EIA-568A for use in structured wiring installations. Many single mode applications are now only available in the SC style. The ST connector (Figure B) has been the connector of choice for these environments, and continues to be widely used. FDDI uses the MIC connector which is a duplex connector. It is physically larger then the SC connector, and the SC connector is gaining acceptance in the FDDI marketplace. Fiber provides several advantages to Ethernet and Fast Ethernet networks. The most common advantage and therefore use of fiber is to overcome the distance limitations of coaxial and twisted pair copper topologies. Ethernet being run on coax (10Base2) has a maximum distance limitation of 185m, and Ethernet being run on twisted pair (10BaseT and 100BaseTX) has a limitation of 100m.Fiber can greatly extend these distances with multi-mode fiber providing 2000m and single-mode fiber supporting 5km in half duplex environments, and much more (depending on transmitter strength and receiver sensitivity) in full duplex installations. Ethernet running at 10Mbps has a limitation of 4 repeaters, providing some leniency in the solutions available for distance, however, Fast Ethernet only allows for 2 repeaters and only 5m of cable between them. As Fast Ethernet becomes more ubiquitous, the need for fiber optic cabling will grow as well. When distance is an issue, fiber provides what may be the onl y solution. Even when using coaxial cable or twisted pair (shielded or unshielded), some electrical noise may be emitted by the cable. This is especially true as connectors and ground connections age or weaken. In some environments (medical for example), the potential risk associated with this is just not acceptable, and costs of alternative cable routings too high. Because fiber optic cabling uses light pulses to send the signal, there is NO radiated noise. This makes it perfectly safe to install this cabling in any sensitive environment. Optical fiber adds additional security protection as well. There are no emissions to pick up and decode, and it is not feasible to tap into it for the purposes of eavesdropping. This makes fiber optic cabling ideal for secure network installations. Another problem that is common when using copper cabling is other electrical noise getting into the desired electrical networking signal. This can be a problem in noisy manufacturing environments or oth er heavy industrial applications. The use of optical fiber provides a signal that will be completely unaffected by this noise. In some instances, fiber provides the advantage that it can withstand more tension during the cable pulling. It is also smaller in size then twisted pair cables and therefore takes up less room. Compared to Category 5 UTP, most duplex fiber optical cable can also endure a tighter bend radius while maintaining specified performance. .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .postImageUrl , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:visited , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:active { border:0!important; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:active , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hungarian Dances EssayFiber optical cabling is not a cure-all however, there are some challenges to be resolved. The first (and probably the best known), is the cost of termination. Because of the need for perfect connections, splices and connections must be carefully cut and then polished to preserve the optical characteristics. The connectors must also maintain a very high level of precision to guarantee alignment of the fibers. The second problem that is encountered when installing fiber cabling is that legacy equipment does not support fiber connections. Very few desktop computers have a fiber network interface, and some critical network equipment does not offer a fibe r interface. In Ethernet, the size of the collision domain can effect the use of fiber. In a half duplex (shared media) environment, no 2 devices can be separated by more then 512 bit times. While the transmission of a signal is faster through fiber than copper, only about 11% faster and not enough to make a significant difference. This limitation means that there are times when the signal quality and fiber are sufficient to carry the signal but the distance and network design rule out its use. Fortunately, the problems are not without solutions. As fiber deployment increases, the economy of scale for the manufacturers is driving costs down. Also, much work is being done to further reduce these costs, Plastic Optical Fiber is an example of one such development. The need to connect to legacy equipment and infrastructure also has a solution. By using copper to fiber media converters, fiber can be connected to almost any legacy environment. Equipment equipped with an AUI port can also make use of fiber transceivers as well. Media converters are devices (usually small enough in size to fit in the palm of your hand) which take in signals from one media type and send it out on another media type. For those instances when collision domain restrictions preclude the use of fiber, a 2 port bridging device (such as Transition Networks Bridging Media Converter) with 10/100-Base-T(X) on one port and fiber on the other can be used. Bridges by definition break collision domains, and when connected to a server, workstation, or another bridge can operate in Full Duplex mode. In this mode, there are no limitations imposed by collision domains, and the distance attainable is solely a function of the fiber cable; and transmitters and receivers. Fiber optic cabling is rapidly becoming the most viable choice for data networking infrastructure. With the cost of cable, connectors, installation, and equipment becoming competitive with traditional copper solutions, fiber should be given serious consideration. Transition Networks complete line of fiber connectivity products are specifically designed to ease this migration to fiber. Once installed, fiber optic cabling will future proof your cabling infrastructure, providing support for even the fastest most demanding protocols. Bibliography:

Insurance Sector in India free essay sample

Insurance may be described as a social device to reduce or eliminate risk of loss to life and property. Under the plan of insurance, a large number of people associate themselves by sharing risks attached to individuals. The risks which can be insured against include fire, the perils of sea, death and accidents and burglary. Any risk contingent upon these, may be insured against at a premium commensurate with the risk involved. Thus collective bearing of risk is insurance General definition: In the words of John Magee, â€Å"Insurance is a plan by which large number of people associate themselves and transfer to the shoulders of all, risks that attach to individuals. † ? Fundamental definition: In the words of D. S. Hansell, â€Å"Insurance may be defined as a social device providing financial compensation for the effects of misfortune, the payment being made from the accumulated contributions of all parties participating in the scheme. We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Sector in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the words of justice Tindall, â€Å"Insurance is a contract in which a sum of money is paid to the assured as consideration of insurer’s incurring the risk of paying a large sum upon a given contingency. †? †¢ Functions of insurance: In a laymans words, insurance means, ‘a guard against pecuniary loss arising on the happening of an unforeseen event’. In developing economies, the insurance sector still holds a lot of potential which can be tapped. Majority of the people in the developing countries remains unaware of the functions and benefits of insurance and it is for this reason that the nsurance sector is still to grow. Insurance is an instrument to share the financial loss. It is a medium through which few losses are divided among larger number of people. All the insured add the premiums towards a fund and out of which the persons facing a specific risk is paid. c) Evaluating risk – Insurance fixes the likely volume of risk by assessing diverse factors that give rise to risk. Risk is the basis for ascertaining the premium rate as well. d) Provide Certainty – Insurance is a device, which assists in changing uncertainty to certainty. 1. Secondary functions of insurance a) Preventing losses – a.