The Joys of Skydiving Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

It was a warm and sunny Saturday morning when my friend, Sivi, and I left our home to travel to the small local airport located outside of town. Just the previous night we had received 4 hours of classroom training in how to perform a successful "Skydive" and now we would receive 4 more hours of practical, hands-on training. Sivi and I have spent a lot of time talking with, and taking care of Senior Citizens on a volunteer basis. Through many conversations, we discovered that one of the major regrets that people have, as the near the end, is that they didn't experience everything that they wanted to when they were younger. The major reason for this was fear. Fear that they would fail or fear that they might be injured. Sivi and I had decided years ago that we would never allow fear to prevent us from trying something new. Now, in our middle and late forties, we had decided to voluntarily jump out of a perfectly good airplane just for the experience of doing so. When we arrived at the airport, there were about 10 other people. Most of them were men and we were the only couple. Of course the first matter of business was to read and sign a waiver that stated that we would NOT hold the skydiving school liable if our jump turned out to be, shall we say, less than perfect. I must admit that this certainly brought out some of the apprehension that Sivi and I had managed to bury deep inside ourselves. Next, we were sent to a shed where there were several sets of coveralls. Here we were instructed to pick out a pair of coveralls and a helmet that fit (as best as possible) and put them on. I must say that I felt more than a little silly wearing a pair of torn and uncomfortably tight coveralls ... ...ove the ground, I yanked down on the parachute control straps with all of my strength. The parachute got more air, and I slowed, almost to a standstill, and gently touched the ground. As my feet touched the Earth, I went into my roll and then stood back up. No broken bones or bruises. Sivi, immediately came out to greet me, and we both felt a great sense of relief and pride. Once again we managed to overcome our fears and experience something that cannot be imagined or viewed like a movie, but must be felt. As we walked to our car, we realized just how much the day had taken out of us physically. We were both bruised and sore from our practice jumps into the gravel pit and very tired. But, at the same time, our souls felt warm and satisfied at discovering that we could overcome our fears and experience the joy and freedom of skydiving.

Analysis of Madame Bovary Essay

In his first paragraph Barthes uses Balzac’s Sarrasine’s castrato character’s inner voice to examine who’s really doing the talking in a written work, since there are layers of meaning in the identity within the particular quote. One of my favorite aspects of post-modernist literature is its playfulness with the notion of authorship and recursive identity within a given work. John Barth’s â€Å"Giles Goat Boy,† a favorite and seminal work for me, starts with a forward deliberately attempting to put the authorship of the book into question (it is supposedly a ‘discovered’ manuscript of debatable origin). But Barthes claim â€Å"We shall never know (the author), for the good reason that writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin. † It’s a good point in a theoretical way, like the idea within Information Theory that the maximum amount of information that can be carried is with white noise (which by the way, is only a single construct within Information Theory, necessary to build other constructs on the formation of information within a signal). However, contending that we can never know, and that the text exists in a â€Å"negative oblique space where† everything slips away stands at odds with the practical reality that if the author and the author’s creative genius wasn’t there, the text would not exist in the first place. One could allow that Barthes’ point of view is suggestive and not absolute, or that it promotes a point of view to help shade meanings on traditional critical methods, but he’s constantly painting himself into corners with absolute statements. He doesn’t limit his point of view to contemporary authorship, or even to the author as a modern figure emerging from the middle ages. He states that â€Å"No doubt it (the loss of identity of the author in a negative oblique space) has always been this way†, that as soon as narration occurs â€Å"the author enters into his own death†. Barthes’ claims that the author is a modern construct that emerges from the Middle Ages, implying that before that time authorship was assumed by a mediator, shaman or performer, and not coming from genius. But what about the ancient Greek Tragidians, like Aeschylus, or Roman pornographers, like Patronius and his Satyricon? As a form, the novel may be modern but not the author nor the notion of a genius within the author. Barthes makes a valid and important point that Capitalism’s relationship with the author is as a unique commodifiable object. It make me think of the profoundly capitalist notion of â€Å"branding†, as in the Mickey Mouse brand to Walt Disney. It’s also reasonable to place classical criticism at the service of Capitalism, which provides an excellent motive for placing the â€Å"branded† author at the center of a critical approach. And is it correct to see a creative work as existing solely in the context of the author, even to the extent of not placing the content of the work outside of the context of the author’s personal life up to that point. It makes sense that some authors have become recluses, like Salinger and Pynchon, who prefer to let their work stand on its own. In fact the notion of a creative work â€Å"standing on its own† is what strikes me to be the appropriate post-modernist attitude to take regarding a creative work relative to its creator, and as an approach does not require the destruction of the author. Barthes states that â€Å"it goes without saying that certain writers have long since attempted to loosen† the sway of the Author. No doubt, but if you destroy the validity of the author as a creative center, one who either brings works into the world from some unconscious place of ‘genius’ as I believe, or out of a â€Å"tissue of signs† or quotations and a â€Å"mosaic of other activated texts’ or drawn from an â€Å"immense dictionary† as Barthes contends, you still don’t have to kill off the creator. Who constructed the â€Å"tissue of signs† or the â€Å"mosaic† or read the â€Å"immense dictionary† to begin with? Even Mallarme’s intensely abstracted and word-based poetry (though I must confess to not having read it) is based in language as a kind of meta language, Mallarme still had to create it, even if Mallarme makes deliberate efforts to remove himself from the writing of it. According to Barthes, Valery approached his prose with the notion that his interiority, or creative genius or authorship, was pure superstition. Fine, he can believe that. I’d like to see Valery prove it. The mere attempt to compile a series of words, to become a â€Å"scriptor† as Barthes puts it, the mere attempt in itself is a creative act by a unique individual, and not by a scriptor snatching bits from a pre-existing dictionary without any personal intervention. Barthes takes on Proust as proof somehow that by the self-referential and recursive existence of the author within the book working up to writing the book, that by blurring the realities of authorship and narrative of authorship, one can assume the actual author has in some semiotic sense committed suicide, when in fact Proust has only ‘played off’ an idea, like a jazz rift, and has not actually dissolved himself. Barthes includes Surrealistic texts as further proof of non-authorship, with aleatoric and unconscious techniques of construction. But again, where did the technique of construction come from if not from a creative place within the author? Surrealists are in effect trapped in a paradox that the subversion of codes is in itself a code (and Barthes believes in the indestructibility of codes) but it in nowise removes the destroyer of the code from a creative act through a destructive one. Barthes puts up linguistics as providing a sort of murderous apparatus for deconstructing the author out of the text it examines. That the un-provable, and therefore empty, process of enunciation exhausts the notion of an â€Å"I† within a text, reducing it to no more than an instance of saying â€Å"I†. Fine, great, so? If I have a tool, say a microscope, and I use it to examine the surface of Michelangelo’s incomplete Prisoner Statues in Florence, and I get a very interesting take on the chisel marks’ depth and flow and intersections, have I therefore negated Michelangelo? Even if you add on top of that Michelangelo’s insistence that he was merely releasing the character from within the stone, Michelangelo’s creative force is still there. Barthes contends that by removing the Author from the text, or even taking text from which the â€Å"scriptor† has removed themselves, that it utterly transforms the text. And here I agree, and I agree that the tools of post modern deconstruction and linguistics do transform our understanding of what text can mean and how it can be received in a critical context, and even in a personal one. It is intellectually interesting to remove the author and his/her existence as conjoined in time and see the ‘scriptor’ as coming into existence at the moment of reading, and to consider the writing as being what the linguist J. L. Austin calls a Performative Utterance (an act of utterance that does not report a fact, but is an action in and of itself). But contending that the performative utterance, activated by a hand trapped in the phenomena of lagging behind reality by a few microseconds, â€Å"traces a field without origin† or if there is an origin the language itself negates it by â€Å"ceaselessly† calling it into question, is interesting as a point of view only for about the few microseconds that my sensory information to my mind lags behind reality. This isn’t about the removal of the author so much as it is contending that even if an author exists, they merely inscribe and don’t create, since the language they inscribe is self-referentially self canceling. Barthes says â€Å"We know now that text is not a line of words releasing a single ‘theological’ meaning (the message of the author god) but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture. † Fine. Interesting, even revelatory in its point of view that there is nothing new under the sun (which is not something new under the sun). But is not this assembled mosaic of texts assembled by someone? And how is it that the act of assembly is tacitly a non-creative act, and an act that does not come from ‘genius’. Barthes uses Bouvard and Pecuchet, characters from the same titled book by Flaubert, who try and move from a non-creative life as copyists to a creative one as farmers and back to copyists from a dictionary which Flaubert himself wrote before the book was created, as another example of non-authorness. But it again strikes me as ironic that these are characters, created by Flaubert. It’s interestingly recursive, but not self-canceling as Barthes contends. He includes Baudelaire’s internal fictional â€Å"unfailing† dictionary in Paradis Atrificiels to exemplify the scriptors self-removal from emotions and passive reading of an â€Å"immense dictionary from which life never does more than imitate the book, and the book itself is only a tissue of signs, an imitation that is lost, infinitely deferred† A tissue of signs perhaps, but lost and infinitely deferred? If an author/scriptor is a mere copyist assembling a tissue of signs, how then is the author/scriptor lost and infinitely deferred from the readers interaction with the text. If I read a text I am creating meaning from that text, but I am also aware that there is a creative force behind my created meaning, irrespective of my created meaning, and that is the author. Barthes seems to contend that all â€Å"agency† or representation must be transferred to the text, or language, itself. Some, like Graham Allen in his book â€Å"Intertextuality† claim that Barthes â€Å"does not murder all forms of Authorial agency† (my italics) and to take it as such is a misinterpretation; but he does, over and over. When he says â€Å"writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin†, â€Å"the whole of enunciation is an empty process†, â€Å"the text is henceforth made and read in such a way that at all levels the author is absent†, â€Å"the text is not a line of words releasing a single ‘theological’ meaning, but a multidimensional space†, â€Å"the writer can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original. † Barthes says â€Å"To give a text an author is to impose a limit on that text, to furnish it with a final signified, to close the writing. † How so? I am unconvinced. If, as he claims, criticism has allotted itself the task of discovering the author beneath the work, how does that impose a limit on the text? A critic may, like Barthes, impose whatever they like, but in no way does that limit me to my own creation of meaning from a given text. Does the act of analysis destroy flexibility of meaning in a creative work? Only if you give the author of the analysis a God-like power over all other interpretations. Here I agree with Barthes in not granting that power, but it raises the paradox that by agreeing too heartily, I’m also negating Barthes’ existence as the author of Death of the Author. So I choose to limit my giving over of power to the author, but I don’t see the need to kill him or her. In Barthes’ conclusion, he ironically refers to Greek Tragedy’s texts which carrying double meanings understood by the characters within the play in only a unilateral way, and with the viewer/listener/reader able to perceive the layers of meaning from outside the play. This reveals to Barthes the totality of the existence of writing; a tissue of signs, drawn from many texts, a multiplicity focused in one place in the reader. True enough, but to say the author is not a part of that focused multiplicity is nonsense. A texts’ unity lies in its destination as he says, but not at the cost of its origin. That â€Å"Classic criticism has never paid any attention to the reader† may be true enough, but recognizing the reader doesn’t obviate the writer. I contend we don’t have to throw out the author/baby when we throw out the bathwater of classic criticism. Barthes’ newly-birthed reader can live quite nicely with its older sibling, the author. or† has really achieved. Has it thrown off the yoke of â€Å"capitalist ideology†? Has it done anything to progress society? Has it overthrown the old elites and liberated the vast horde of readers? No; quite the contrary. When the author is dead, the reader is king, or rather, the individual, free-floating consumer is king. The quality of a work of art is therefore determined by the number of people who consume it; in other words, by market forces. Artists must cater their work to market realities, and a whole swathe of nominally â€Å"left† commentators cheer them on; those artists who pursue their singular, uncommercial vision are condemned as â€Å"elitist† or worse. The trend launched by the â€Å"Death of the Author† has been against self-expression in art, and in favour of pandering to the dollar and to the lowest common denominator. It’s a perfect example of the dead end and hypocrisy of 60s radicalism. The author is dead, long live the free market! Deconstructing Authorship  © 2010 DeathofTheAuthor. com

Management And Management Challenges For 21st Century Essay

When it comes to managing organisations, there are plenty of theories available for companies to use. Among the most popular is the model of Management by Objectives. In this guide, we’ll explore the concept and the basic principles guiding the objective-focused approach to management. We’ll explore the key features and outline the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The guide will also explain the steps an organisation needs to take in order to implement the approach as well as examine a few examples of companies using the approach. 1 What is Management by Objectives about? Management by Objectives (MBO) as a concept first appeared in a 1954 book The Practice of Management. The author, Peter Drucker, has since become known as one of the world’s most influential business experts. Aside from developing the ideas around MBO, Drucker has revolutionised the corporate world with his views and theories on essential things such as leadership. His other famous books include The Effective Executive and Management Challenges for 21st Century. In The Practice of Management, Drucker examined the different schools of management, from the classical to the human relations theories. He felt the problem of these theories was how effectiveness was assumed a natural and expected outcome of management. He saw effectiveness to be more important than efficiency, creating the foundation for organisations to operate and therefore an integral part of focus for organisations. Due to theShow MoreRelatedManagement Challenges in the 21st Century1189 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Management is defined as the process of administering and coordinating resources effectively and efficiently in an effort to achiever the goals of the organization. Managers plan, lead, organize and control. Managing in the 21st century can pose many challenges. Some of these challenges are telecommuting, globalization and diversity, and a changing legal climate. Telecommuting Information technology is making it easier for employees to work from home. Telecommuting has severalRead MoreManagement Challenges in the 21st Century3650 Words   |  15 PagesManagement Challenges in the 21st Century Introduction The traditional management education and training relies heavily on left-brain thinking, deductive reasoning and analytical thinking.   The managers of the future require a different set of skills based on the functioning of the right-brain like holistic or systems thinking, intuitive problem-solving and value-driven decision-making. While state parastatals could benefit from a number of these corporate lessons, readers should be clear aboutRead MoreManagement Challenges For The 21st Century1866 Words   |  8 PagesThe paper discusses some key management theories with respect to managing oneself and leading others. Peter Drucker, in his book â€Å"Management Challenges for the 21st Century† (1999) has emphasized the importance of exploring and using one’s strengths, identifying areas for self-development, strengthening management skills and taking responsibility for relationships to become an effective leader. Leadership scholars Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee in their book â€Å"Primal LeadershipRead MoreThe Role Of Management During The 21st Century : Challenges And Opportunities1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of Management in the 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities The development in management studies has flourished largely; it is with no doubt that the internet and information technologies have caused this major development. On one hand, the classic management practices became less effective in organisations. On the other hand, the effects of the global economy have introduced new management concepts that shape the world business activities. Historically, the industrial revolutionRead MoreSeminar on  Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century1223 Words   |  5 PagesSEMINAR ON CHALLENGES IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN 21st CENTURY November 27, 2010 WORKERS MOTIVATION AS A CHALLENGE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT K.C.Das Commerce College, Chatribari Guwahati-8 PresentedRead MoreThe Role Of Management During The 21st Century : Challenges And Opportunities Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesThe role of Management in the 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities The development in management practices has flourished greatly; it is with no doubt that the internet and information technologies have caused this major development. By contrast with the classic management practices became less effective in organisations. One can refer the reason to the internet evolution as the key that influenced many industries. Historically, the industrial revolution generated most of the managerial principlesRead MoreHuman Resource Management : A Theoretical Perspective1241 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management in 21st Century: A Theoretical Perspective Dr.Sushma Tiwari,Faculty,Deptt.of MBA(HRD),A.P.S.University,Rewa(M.P.) ABSTRACT- This article focuses upon role of human resource management practice in 21st century. This theoretical paper is aiming the importance of human resource managers, HR practices and its influencing factors. In addition to that, this article also elaborates the upcoming challenges which are faced by 21st century HR managers. Author has conducted HR literatureRead MoreDifferences Between 20th And 21st Century Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages Differences between 20th and 21st Century Leadership David D. Wimberly University of Maryland University College Professor Nina Kostalas â€Æ' Introduction Companies need to review organizational structures, position the company strategically to secure a competitive advantage, and sustainability in through people-centric leadership and adopting 21st-century strategies to retain profit and relevancy (Basavanthappa, 2014). To do this requires leadership: a scientific concept whose central hypothesisRead MoreCase for Analysis - Perdue Farms Inc.667 Words   |  3 PagesCase for Analysis: Perdue Farms Inc. Responding to the 21st Century Challenges 1. Describe the change in management style at Perdue Farms. By all accounts, Frank Perdue was a workaholic. He was a true entrepreneur. With little education, he started his own company, worked long hours, made many single handed decisions and grew the company. He was a traditional leader and used a centralized management style and kept decision making authority in his own hands. Initially, employees were expectedRead Morethe biggest challenges and biggest opportunities facing new managers entering industry883 Words   |  4 Pagesare the biggest challenges and biggest opportunities facing new managers entering industry? Full reference 1 Department for Business (2012) ‘Leadership Management in the UK - The Key to Sustainable Growth’ [online] available from [05 November 2013] Source type This paper has been written by the Department for Business, Innovation Skills Leadership and Management Network Group (LMNG). Key contributors include Petra Wilton and Patrick Woodman of the Chartered Management Institute (CMI)

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 2242 Words

In the riveting masterpiece of a novel To Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, the small town of Maycomb is awakened by the events that occur in the juvenile years of the main character who goes by Scout. Formally known as Jean Louise Finch, Scout leads readers through roughly a third of a decade in the sleepy old town in which she inhabits. Through this time frame, there is one event that reveals the true personalities of the townspeople. The event that caused such a powerful awakening in the town is the trial of a man named Tom Robinson. The reason for the improvement of the existence of the trial is due to the fact that Tom Robinson is a black man who is accused of raping a young white girl. The steps taken to resolve the case†¦show more content†¦Early on in the novel, readers take note of Scout’s instinct to place herself in fights for a magnitude of reasons, the main one being the need to defend her family in the only way she subconsciously knows. In the n ovel, Scout fights with her cousin Francis for calling Atticus names. She believes it is her duty to stand up for her father. â€Å"‘I ain’t very sure what it means, but the way Francis said it- tell you one thing right now, Uncle Jack, I’ll be- I swear before God if I’ll sit there and let him say somethin’ about Atticus’†(pg 86). This instinct reminds me of myself, I may not have resorted to fighting with my fists, but I certainly am protective over my family members. A reason for my safeguarding is my sister. When she was younger, she was diagnosed with Celiac Disease, this is a condition in which a person cannot consume gluten, it causes pain and inflammation of the small intestine. At the time of her diagnosing, the disease was rare before and a large number of items were not gluten free, and the ones that were happened to be vulgar in taste. Later on she was diagnosed with Crohn s Disease, this is a condition in which the lining o f a person’s digestive tract can be irritated and creates great discomfort. These diseases did have an impact on my sister, and due to her fragile state of mind and body, I wanted to help her in any way that I could. I would cook for her and make sure when we went out or were at a friend’s house that they did not cross

Americanization in The Joy Luck Club Essay - 1963 Words

Americanization in The Joy Luck Club Oftentimes the children of immigrants to the United States lose the sense of cultural background in which their parents had tried so desperately to instill within them. According to Walter Shear, â€Å"It is an unseen terror that runs through both the distinct social spectrum experienced by the mothers in China and the lack of such social definition in the daughters’ lives.† This â€Å"unseen terror† is portrayed in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club as four Chinese women and their American-born daughters struggle to understand one another’s culture and values. The second-generation women in The Joy Luck Club prove to lose their sense of Chinese values, becoming Americanized. The Joy Luck Club†¦show more content†¦The Chinese culture and way of thinking is expertly described by characters in The Joy Luck Club. One character, Lindo Jong, scorns the stereotypical American woman of the 1950s when she states â€Å"It’s like those ladies y ou see on American t.v. these days, the ones who are so happy they have washed out a stain so the clothes look better than new.† (Tan, 56) The Chinese are very traditional and conservative in their values and ideas. In The Joy Luck Club, Lindo Jong describes Chinese character as â€Å"How to obey parents and listen to your mother’s mind.† (Tan, 254) â€Å"Why easy things are not worth pursuing. How to know your own worth and polish it, never flashing it around like a cheap ring. Why Chinese thinking is best.† (Tan, 254) She truly feels that Americans are not capable of thinking in this manner, or, rather, simply do not think in this manner as Chinese people do. Chinese people and their traditions and values are also portrayed in The Joy Luck Club. Unlike Americans, the Chinese strongly believed in traditional medicinal practices passed down from generation to generation. In The Joy Luck Club, An-Mei Hsu describes one such tradition when she says â₠¬Å"And then my mother cut a piece of meat from her arm.† (Tan, 48) â€Å"My mother took her flesh and put it in the soup. She cooked the magic in the ancient tradition to try to cure her mother this one last time.† (Tan, 48) The Chinese value each person and his orShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan: A Brief Biography757 Words   |  3 PagesAmy Tan is an American Chinese writer most notably known for her critically acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club, amongst many others. Amy Ruth Tan was born on February 19, 1952, in Oakland California to John and Daisy Tan. Both of Amy’s parents were Chinese immigrants who fled from China to escape hardships. Amy’s mother, Daisy, divorced her abusive husband and left behind three daughters before immigrating to the United States and marrying Amy’s father, John. The marriage produced three children,Read MoreAmy Tan Chinese Cultural Identity1615 Words   |  7 Pageshomeland, living essentially insular life and socializing mainly with the members of California s Chinese community, although their ambitions for their children included a certain degree of Americanization. (2) Despite the fact that Amy Tan s parents immigrated to the United States with great ambitions for making their children enjoy better conditions of life than those they experienced in China, they did not assimilate into the American wayRead MoreJoy Luck Club by Amy Tan Essay762 Words   |  4 Pagesheritage and culture are three of the most important aspects of Chinese culture. Passed down from mother to daughter, these traditions are expected to carry on for years to come. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, daughters Waverly, Lena, Rose and June thoughts about their culture are congested by Americanization while on their quests towards self-actualization. Each daughter struggles to find balance between Chinese heritage and American values through marriage and professional careers. June’s storyRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club Summary1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe literary criticism, â€Å"Language as Barrier and Bridge in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club† is written by Mohamed Samir, who is from Faculty of Philosophy department at the University of Vaasa. He enforces the point that despite that the mother’s have strong roots from China, their daughters through being raised in America, on the other hand, are disconnected. Hence, the daughters are yet to discover their racial identity, but through an honest effort made by their mothers they are guided towards uncoveringRead MoreThe Evolution of Self in Asian-American Women in the Us (Joy Luck Club)4993 Words   |  20 Pagesacross generations, and the ensuing conflicts resulting from the mere existence of the mother/daughter relationship, are also depicted in The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan. This tale spans two generations of Chinese-American women in America and the origins, of their confinement within their culture, in China. One of the relationships that prevail in The Joy Luck Club is the relationship of Suyuan Woo and her daughter Jing-Mei â€Å"June† Woo. The story begins with the recent death of Suyuan Woo, who died before

Fiber Optics1 Essay Example For Students

Fiber Optics1 Essay Today many communications companies are replacing their copper carrier wires with fiber optic cables. A fiber optic cable is capable of transmitting laser light across thousands of miles and can carry many more messages at the same time than the copper wire of equivalent diameter. With the relentless pursuit of bandwidth, fiber optic cabling is being deployed at an ever increasing rate. This cable, which uses glass to carry light pulses, poses both advantages and challenges. The intent of this paper is to explain the hows and whys of fiber optic cabling and to provide a set of solutions to the challenges faced with its use and give you an understanding of fiber optic cable technology and its applications. Fiber optic cabling has much to offer, and in most cases, its use will provide benefits which justify the implementation. Since the invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1838, there has been a constant push to provide data at higher and higher rates. Today, the push continue s. Just as RS-232 attached terminals gave way to 10Mbps Ethernet and 4 and 16 Mbps Token Ring, these are giving way to Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), FDDI (100Mbps), ATM (155Mbps), Fiber Channel (1062Mbps) , Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps). With each of these increases in speed, the physical layer of the infrastructure is placed under more stress and more limitations. The cabling installed in many environments today cannot support the demands of Fast Ethernet let alone ATM, Fiber Channel, or Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber Optic cabling provides a viable alternative to copper. Unlike its metallic counterpart, fiber cabling does not have the severe speed and distance limitations that plague network administrators wishing to upgrade their networks. Because it is transmitting light, the limitations are on the devices driving it more than on the cable itself. By installing fiber optic cabling, the high cost of labor and the time associated with the cabling plant can be expected to provide service for the projected future. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) technology is making fiber even more affordable and easier to install. Because the core is plastic instead of glass, terminating the cable is easier. The trade-off for this lower cost and ease of installation is shorter distance capabilities and bandwidth limitations. Fiber optic cabling has the following components (starting in the center and working out): core, cladding, coating, strength member, and jacket. The design and function of each of these will be defined. The core is in the very center of the cable and is the medium of propagation for the signal. The core is made of silica glass or plastic (in the case of POF) with a high refractive index. The actual core is very small (compared to the wire gauges we are used to). Typical core sizes range from 8 microns (millionth of a meter) for single mode silica glass cores up to 1000 microns for multi mode POF. The cladding is a material of lower index of refraction which surrounds the c ore. This difference in index forms a mirror at the boundary of the core and cladding. Because of the lower index, it reflects the light back into the center of the core, forming an optical wave guide. This is the same effect as looking out over a calm lake and noting the reflection, while looking straight down you see through the water. It is this interaction of core and cladding that is at the heart of how optical fiber works. The coating (also referred to as buffer or buffer coating) is a protective layer around the outside of the cladding. It is typically made of a thermoplastic material for tight buffer construction and a gel material for loose buffer construction. As the name implies, in tight buffer construction, the buffer is extruded directly onto the fiber, tightly surrounding it. Loose buffer construction uses a gel filled tube which is larger than the fiber itself. Loose buffer construction offers a high degree of isolation from external mechanical forces such as vibrati on. Tight buffer construction on the other hand provides for a smaller bend radius, smaller overall diameter, and crush resistance. To further protect the fiber from stretching during installation, and to protect it from expansion and contraction due to temperature changes, strength members are added to the cable construction. These members are made from various materials from steel (used in some multi strand cables) to Kevlar. In single and double fiber cables, the strength members are wrapped around the coating. In some multi-strand cables, the strength member is in the center of the bundle. The jacket is the last item in the construction, and provides the final protection from the environment in which the cable is installed. Of concern here is the intended placement of the cable. Different jackets provide different solutions for indoor, outdoor, aerial, and buried installations. We will write a custom essay on Fiber Optics1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most common size of multi mode fiber used in networking is 62.5/125 fiber. This fiber has a core of 62.5 microns and a cladding of 125 microns. This is ideally suited for use with 850nm and 1300nm wavelength drivers and receivers. For single mode networking applications, 8.3/125 is the most common size. Its smaller core is the key to single mode operation. Numerical aperture and acceptance angles are two different ways of expressing the same thing. For the core / cladding boundary to work as a mirror, the light needs to strike at it a small / shallow angle (referred to as the angle of incidence). This angle is specified as the acceptance angle and is the maximum angle at which light can be accepted by the core. Acceptance angle can also be specified as Numerical Aperture, which is the sin of the acceptance angle (Numerical Aperture = sin (acceptance angle)). .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .postImageUrl , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:visited , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:active { border:0!important; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:active , .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0 .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7c62ae0537c0fe01af081a4e1e633a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Integrity EssayWith a basic understanding of fiber construction, explanation of transmitters (the devices that put the pulses of light into the fiber) is in order. From a general level, there are three aspects of transmitters to discuss: Transmitters can be divided into 2 groups, lasers and LEDs. LEDs are by far the most common as they provide low cost and very efficient solutions. Most multi mode transmitters are of the LED variety. When high power is required for extended distances, lasers are used. Lasers provide reliable light and the ability to produce a lot of light energy. The drawbacks to lasers are their cost and electrical power consumption. Equipment using high power lasers must provide cooling and access to a primary power source such as 120V AC. Transmitter types can also be broken down into single mode versus multi mode transmitters. Multi mode transmitters are used with larger cable (typically 62.5/125 microns for most data networking applications) and emit multiple rays or modes of light into the fiber. Each one of these rays enters at a different angle and as such has a slightly different path through the cable. This results in the light reaching the far end at slightly different times. This difference is arrival times are termed modal dispersion and causes signal degradation. Single mode transmitters are used with very small cable (typically 8/125 microns) and emit light in a single ray. Because there is only one mode, all light gets to the far end at the same time, eliminating modal dispersion. The wavelength of the transmitter is the color of the light. The visible light spectrum starts around 750nm and goes to 390nm. The 850nm transmitters common in multi mode Ethernet can be seen because 850nm is the center of their bandwidth and they emit some visible light in the 750nm range giving them their red color. The 1300nm and 1550nm transmitters emit light only in the infrared spectrum. The difference in performance of the various wavelengths is beyond the scope of this paper. What is important is an awareness of the wavelengths and that the equipment on both ends of the fiber needs to be matched. The final characteristic of transmitters is the output power. This is a measure of the optical energy (intensity) launched into the fiber. It is measured in dBm. A typical value for multi mode transmitters used in Ethernet is -15dBm. Single mode transmitters have a wide range in power depending on the application. With a knowledge of transmitters, what happens at the other end of the cable is important. The light pulses are terminated and detected with a receiver. Receivers have three basic considerations. These are: Sensitivity is the counterpart to power for transmitters. It is a measurement of how much light is required to accurately detect and decode the data in light stream. It is expressed in dBm and is a negative number. The smaller the number (remember -40 is smaller than -30) the better the receiver. Typical values range from -30dBm to -40dBm. Receive sensitivity and transmitter power are used to calculate the optical power budget available for the cable. This calculation is: Power Budget = Transmitter Power Receiver Sensitivity, Using the typical values given for multi mode Ethernet above, the power budget would be: 15dBm = -15dBm (-30dBm) The optical power budget must be greater then all of the cable plant losses (such as attenuation, losses due to splices and connectors, etc.) fo r the installation to work properly. Figure A. SC Connector Figure B. ST Connector Many different connector styles have found their way into fiber optic networking. The SC connector (Figure A) has recently been standardized by ANSI TIA/EIA-568A for use in structured wiring installations. Many single mode applications are now only available in the SC style. The ST connector (Figure B) has been the connector of choice for these environments, and continues to be widely used. FDDI uses the MIC connector which is a duplex connector. It is physically larger then the SC connector, and the SC connector is gaining acceptance in the FDDI marketplace. Fiber provides several advantages to Ethernet and Fast Ethernet networks. The most common advantage and therefore use of fiber is to overcome the distance limitations of coaxial and twisted pair copper topologies. Ethernet being run on coax (10Base2) has a maximum distance limitation of 185m, and Ethernet being run on twisted pair (10BaseT and 100BaseTX) has a limitation of 100m.Fiber can greatly extend these distances with multi-mode fiber providing 2000m and single-mode fiber supporting 5km in half duplex environments, and much more (depending on transmitter strength and receiver sensitivity) in full duplex installations. Ethernet running at 10Mbps has a limitation of 4 repeaters, providing some leniency in the solutions available for distance, however, Fast Ethernet only allows for 2 repeaters and only 5m of cable between them. As Fast Ethernet becomes more ubiquitous, the need for fiber optic cabling will grow as well. When distance is an issue, fiber provides what may be the onl y solution. Even when using coaxial cable or twisted pair (shielded or unshielded), some electrical noise may be emitted by the cable. This is especially true as connectors and ground connections age or weaken. In some environments (medical for example), the potential risk associated with this is just not acceptable, and costs of alternative cable routings too high. Because fiber optic cabling uses light pulses to send the signal, there is NO radiated noise. This makes it perfectly safe to install this cabling in any sensitive environment. Optical fiber adds additional security protection as well. There are no emissions to pick up and decode, and it is not feasible to tap into it for the purposes of eavesdropping. This makes fiber optic cabling ideal for secure network installations. Another problem that is common when using copper cabling is other electrical noise getting into the desired electrical networking signal. This can be a problem in noisy manufacturing environments or oth er heavy industrial applications. The use of optical fiber provides a signal that will be completely unaffected by this noise. In some instances, fiber provides the advantage that it can withstand more tension during the cable pulling. It is also smaller in size then twisted pair cables and therefore takes up less room. Compared to Category 5 UTP, most duplex fiber optical cable can also endure a tighter bend radius while maintaining specified performance. .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .postImageUrl , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:visited , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:active { border:0!important; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:active , .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2 .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5be0e1c4c99a0d2d3eb11e7ab7df6eb2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hungarian Dances EssayFiber optical cabling is not a cure-all however, there are some challenges to be resolved. The first (and probably the best known), is the cost of termination. Because of the need for perfect connections, splices and connections must be carefully cut and then polished to preserve the optical characteristics. The connectors must also maintain a very high level of precision to guarantee alignment of the fibers. The second problem that is encountered when installing fiber cabling is that legacy equipment does not support fiber connections. Very few desktop computers have a fiber network interface, and some critical network equipment does not offer a fibe r interface. In Ethernet, the size of the collision domain can effect the use of fiber. In a half duplex (shared media) environment, no 2 devices can be separated by more then 512 bit times. While the transmission of a signal is faster through fiber than copper, only about 11% faster and not enough to make a significant difference. This limitation means that there are times when the signal quality and fiber are sufficient to carry the signal but the distance and network design rule out its use. Fortunately, the problems are not without solutions. As fiber deployment increases, the economy of scale for the manufacturers is driving costs down. Also, much work is being done to further reduce these costs, Plastic Optical Fiber is an example of one such development. The need to connect to legacy equipment and infrastructure also has a solution. By using copper to fiber media converters, fiber can be connected to almost any legacy environment. Equipment equipped with an AUI port can also make use of fiber transceivers as well. Media converters are devices (usually small enough in size to fit in the palm of your hand) which take in signals from one media type and send it out on another media type. For those instances when collision domain restrictions preclude the use of fiber, a 2 port bridging device (such as Transition Networks Bridging Media Converter) with 10/100-Base-T(X) on one port and fiber on the other can be used. Bridges by definition break collision domains, and when connected to a server, workstation, or another bridge can operate in Full Duplex mode. In this mode, there are no limitations imposed by collision domains, and the distance attainable is solely a function of the fiber cable; and transmitters and receivers. Fiber optic cabling is rapidly becoming the most viable choice for data networking infrastructure. With the cost of cable, connectors, installation, and equipment becoming competitive with traditional copper solutions, fiber should be given serious consideration. Transition Networks complete line of fiber connectivity products are specifically designed to ease this migration to fiber. Once installed, fiber optic cabling will future proof your cabling infrastructure, providing support for even the fastest most demanding protocols. Bibliography:

Insurance Sector in India free essay sample

Insurance may be described as a social device to reduce or eliminate risk of loss to life and property. Under the plan of insurance, a large number of people associate themselves by sharing risks attached to individuals. The risks which can be insured against include fire, the perils of sea, death and accidents and burglary. Any risk contingent upon these, may be insured against at a premium commensurate with the risk involved. Thus collective bearing of risk is insurance General definition: In the words of John Magee, â€Å"Insurance is a plan by which large number of people associate themselves and transfer to the shoulders of all, risks that attach to individuals. † ? Fundamental definition: In the words of D. S. Hansell, â€Å"Insurance may be defined as a social device providing financial compensation for the effects of misfortune, the payment being made from the accumulated contributions of all parties participating in the scheme. We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Sector in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the words of justice Tindall, â€Å"Insurance is a contract in which a sum of money is paid to the assured as consideration of insurer’s incurring the risk of paying a large sum upon a given contingency. †? †¢ Functions of insurance: In a laymans words, insurance means, ‘a guard against pecuniary loss arising on the happening of an unforeseen event’. In developing economies, the insurance sector still holds a lot of potential which can be tapped. Majority of the people in the developing countries remains unaware of the functions and benefits of insurance and it is for this reason that the nsurance sector is still to grow. Insurance is an instrument to share the financial loss. It is a medium through which few losses are divided among larger number of people. All the insured add the premiums towards a fund and out of which the persons facing a specific risk is paid. c) Evaluating risk – Insurance fixes the likely volume of risk by assessing diverse factors that give rise to risk. Risk is the basis for ascertaining the premium rate as well. d) Provide Certainty – Insurance is a device, which assists in changing uncertainty to certainty. 1. Secondary functions of insurance a) Preventing losses – a.